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The Sunday Times: The Month 2004 October
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2004-09-08
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Despite what her name may suggest, by the time she was put
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on trial in 1586, Mary Queen of Scots had not been the queen
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of Scotland for almost 20 years.
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In 1567, a group of powerful Scottish nobles had forced Mary
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to give up her throne. The crown of Scotland passed to her
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infant son James and Mary was put in prison. But not for long.
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Within a year, Mary had escaped and raised an army. Her plan
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was to crush the treacherous nobles and regain her crown.
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However, the plan failed when her army was slaughtered at the
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Battle of Langside, near Glasgow. To avoid being captured Mary
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fled to England.
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As it turned out, this was not a great idea. Mary had hoped that
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the English queen (who was, after all, her cousin) would protect
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her. In fact, Queen Elizabeth had Mary arrested instead.
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Officially the reason for MaryΓÇÖs arrest was the brutal killing in
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1567 of her petulant and unpopular husband Lord Darnley,
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which Mary was thought to have ordered. However, that was
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not the real reason she was locked up. Elizabeth was a
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Protestant and Mary was a Catholic. Many Catholics in England
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wanted to be ruled by a Catholic monarch. And the Catholic
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with the best claim to the English throne was (you guessed it!)
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Mary. Why? Because she was Henry VII of EnglandΓÇÖs great-
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granddaughter and next in line to the throne after Henry VIIIΓÇÖs
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children, of whom Elizabeth was one.
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Mary, therefore, was seen as a threat to Elizabeth and the
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queen was taking no chances. That is why she had Mary placed
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under house arrest and closely guarded for the next 19 years.
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During this time, she was allowed little contact with the outside
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world.
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By 1586 Mary had almost given up hope of ever being free
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again. But all that was about to change. A Catholic priest
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named Gilbert Gifford managed to smuggle a bundle of letters
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from MaryΓÇÖs supporters into Chartley Hall, the house in
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Staffordshire where she was being held.
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The letters were hidden inside the bung on a barrel of beer.
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Soon Gifford was able to get more letters to Mary, and started
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smuggling out her replies. Her guards never suspected a thing.
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Or so it seemed.
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At the same time, a plan was being hatched in London by a
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group of Catholic noblemen who wanted to overthrow their
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Protestant queen. The group was led by Anthony Babington. His
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idea was to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary in her place.
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However, Babington and the other plotters faced a problem. It
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was too dangerous to proceed with their plan unless they were
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certain Mary would support them. The trouble was that they
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had no way of getting a message to her.
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This is when Gifford ΓÇô very conveniently ΓÇô arrived on the scene
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and introduced himself to Babington. He undertook to deliver a
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message from Babington to Mary and bring back her reply
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using his cunning trick with the beer barrel. Babington agreed
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to give Gifford a letter for Mary. In it he described his plan to
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kill the queen and offer her crown to Mary, but, trying to avoid
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discovery, he wrote his message in code. This way, if the letter
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were opened before it reached her, nobody would understand
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what it said.
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What Babington did not realise was that Gifford was a double
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agent. The priest had secretly been working all along for Queen
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ElizabethΓÇÖs spymaster, Sir Francis Walsingham. When he was
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given BabingtonΓÇÖs letter he took it straight to his boss.
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Walsingham felt certain that Babington was plotting against
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Elizabeth, but he needed to crack BabingtonΓÇÖs code to find out
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exactly what he was up to. To do this he employed Thomas
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Phelippes, who spoke six languages and was the greatest
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code-cracker in Europe.
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It didnΓÇÖt take Phelippes long to decipher the message.
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Walsingham now had all the evidence he needed to have
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Babington arrested for treason. But he didnΓÇÖt merely want the
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head of Babington: he wanted the heads of all the plotters and
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ΓÇô if he could get it ΓÇô MaryΓÇÖs head as well!
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Walsingham ordered Gifford to take the letter and deliver it to
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Mary. He wanted to see what she would do. Little did Mary
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realise her life would depend on her actions. She replied to
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BabingtonΓÇÖs letter, pledging her support for the plot. Again her
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message was written using BabingtonΓÇÖs code. And again it was
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passed by Gifford straight to Walsingham and deciphered by
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Phelippes.
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Mary had effectively signed her own death warrant. In August
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she spotted a group of armed soldiers riding towards her. It is
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said that she thought they must be BabingtonΓÇÖs men coming to
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set her free. In fact, they had been sent by Walsingham to
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arrest her.